हाफ्नियम
72
Hf
समूह
4
आवर्त
6
ब्लॉक
d
प्रोटॉन
इलेक्ट्रॉन्स
न्यूट्रॉन
72
72
106
सामान्य गुण
परमाणु संख्या
72
परमाणु भार
178.49
द्रव्यमान संख्या
178
श्रेणी
संक्रमण धातु
रंग
सलेटी
रेडियोधर्मी
नहीं
From Hafinia, the Latin name for Copenhagen
क्रिस्टल की संरचना
सरल हेक्सागोनल
इतिहास
In 1911, Georges Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues which was shown later to be a mixture of already discovered lanthanides.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
इलेक्ट्रॉन प्रति शेल
2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
इलेक्ट्रॉन कॉन्फिगरेशन
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
In powdered form, hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air
भौतिक गुण
अवस्था
ठोस
घनत्व
13.31 g/cm3
गलनांक
2506.15 K | 2233 °C | 4051.4 °F
क्वथनांक
4876.15 K | 4603 °C | 8317.4 °F
विलय ऊष्मा
25.5 कि.जूल/मोल
वाष्पीकरण ऊष्मा
630 कि.जूल/मोल
विशिष्ट ऊष्मा क्षमता
0.144 जूल/ग्राम•केल्विन
पृथ्वी की पपड़ी में प्रचुरता
0.00033%
ब्रह्मांड में प्रचुरता
7×10-8%
सी ए एस संख्या
7440-58-6
PubChem सी.आई.डी. संख्या
23986
परमाण्विक गुण
परमाणु का त्रिज्या
159 pm
संयोजी त्रिज्या
175 pm
इलेक्ट्रोनेगेटिविटी
1.3 (पाइलिंग पैमाना)
आयनीकरण ऊर्जाएं
6.8251 eV
परमाणु आयतन
13.6 से.मी.३/मोल
तापीय चालकता
0.23 W/cm·K
ऑक्सीकरण स्थितियां
2, 3, 4
उपयोग
Hafnium oxide-based compounds are being introduced into silicon-based chips to produce smaller, more energy efficient and performance packed processors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Hafnium is considered to be non-toxic
समस्थानिक
स्थिर आइसोटोप
176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, 180Hfअस्थिर समस्थानिक
153Hf, 154Hf, 155Hf, 156Hf, 157Hf, 158Hf, 159Hf, 160Hf, 161Hf, 162Hf, 163Hf, 164Hf, 165Hf, 166Hf, 167Hf, 168Hf, 169Hf, 170Hf, 171Hf, 172Hf, 173Hf, 174Hf, 175Hf, 181Hf, 182Hf, 183Hf, 184Hf, 185Hf, 186Hf, 187Hf, 188Hf