थुलियम
69
Tm
समूह
लागू नहीं
आवर्त
6
ब्लॉक
f
प्रोटॉन
इलेक्ट्रॉन्स
न्यूट्रॉन
69
69
100
सामान्य गुण
परमाणु संख्या
69
परमाणु भार
168.93421
द्रव्यमान संख्या
169
श्रेणी
लैन्थेनाइड्स
रंग
रजत
रेडियोधर्मी
नहीं
Named after Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia
क्रिस्टल की संरचना
सरल हेक्सागोनल
इतिहास
Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
इलेक्ट्रॉन प्रति शेल
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
इलेक्ट्रॉन कॉन्फिगरेशन
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Thulium ore occurs most commonly in China
भौतिक गुण
अवस्था
ठोस
घनत्व
9.321 g/cm3
गलनांक
1818.15 K | 1545 °C | 2813 °F
क्वथनांक
2223.15 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F
विलय ऊष्मा
16.8 कि.जूल/मोल
वाष्पीकरण ऊष्मा
250 कि.जूल/मोल
विशिष्ट ऊष्मा क्षमता
0.16 जूल/ग्राम•केल्विन
पृथ्वी की पपड़ी में प्रचुरता
0.000045%
ब्रह्मांड में प्रचुरता
1×10-8%
सी ए एस संख्या
7440-30-4
PubChem सी.आई.डी. संख्या
23961
परमाण्विक गुण
परमाणु का त्रिज्या
176 pm
संयोजी त्रिज्या
190 pm
इलेक्ट्रोनेगेटिविटी
1.25 (पाइलिंग पैमाना)
आयनीकरण ऊर्जाएं
6.1843 eV
परमाणु आयतन
18.1 से.मी.३/मोल
तापीय चालकता
0.168 W/cm·K
ऑक्सीकरण स्थितियां
2, 3
उपयोग
Thulium is used to dope yttrium aluminum garnets used in lasers.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
Thulium is considered to be non-toxic
समस्थानिक
स्थिर आइसोटोप
169Tmअस्थिर समस्थानिक
145Tm, 146Tm, 147Tm, 148Tm, 149Tm, 150Tm, 151Tm, 152Tm, 153Tm, 154Tm, 155Tm, 156Tm, 157Tm, 158Tm, 159Tm, 160Tm, 161Tm, 162Tm, 163Tm, 164Tm, 165Tm, 166Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 170Tm, 171Tm, 172Tm, 173Tm, 174Tm, 175Tm, 176Tm, 177Tm, 178Tm, 179Tm